Taekwondo: History, Types, Rules, Equipment and More

Taekwondo is a Korean martial art known for its high, fast kicks and dynamic techniques, which is currently practiced by 206 countries all over the world. Taekwondo is a combination of three words “Tae” means foot, “Kwon” means to fight an last “do” means discipline. While Taekwondo involves punches and blocks, it’s known for its dynamic and powerful kicking techniques. Practitioners often utilize high kicks, spinning kicks, and jump kicks, making it a visually impressive martial art.

History and Origin

Taekwondo is mainly originated from Korean Martial arts. Earlier, murals from the Koguryo kingdom hint at kicking-centric combat styles dating back over 2,000 years. During the three kingdom periods, Korean traditions like taekkyon (kicking) and subak (punching) flourished.

Taekwondo was created in post-World War II Korea, it emerged from the establishment of various martial arts schools known as Kwans. General Choi Hong Hi, a key figure, is credited with coining the term “Taekwondo.” It officially took form with the foundation of the Korea Taekwondo Association in 1959, a crucial step in standardizing practices. General Choi later established the International Taekwon-Do Federation in 1966, contributing to its global spread. Today, Taekwondo is roaming the whole world as it is mainly used in self-defense techniques.

Types

 Taekwondo is mainly divided into four categories:

1. World Taekwondo Federation (WTF)

World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) Taekwondo, known for its Olympic style, gained focus in the Olympics 2000. In this style, the focus is on point-based battle, where kicks, including jumping and spinning techniques, take center stage. While punches are part of the game, kicks play a more important role. Training in the World Taekwondo Federation involves a main focus on forms, known as poomsae, which stress and control. Additionally, practitioners prioritize conditioning and regular sparring to improve their skills in this dynamic martial art. The combination of these elements makes WTF Taekwondo a discipline for both sport and personal development.

2. International Taekwondo Federation (ITF)

ITF Taekwondo is known for its unique style and maintains a strong link to older Korean martial arts traditions. There is a balanced emphasis on punches and kicks, with a significant focus on self-defense applications. Unlike point scoring, sparring in ITF involves continuous contact. The training regimen includes more complex forms called hyung, which integrate grappling and weapon techniques. 

3. American Taekwondo Federation (ATF)

ATA Taekwondo is a hybrid style, combining elements from both WTF and ITF to appeal to a diverse audience. Striking a balance between kicking and punching, ATA places less emphasis on full-contact sparring compared to ITF. The forms in ATA encompass a mix of traditional and modern sequences. Training in ATA encourages a variety of methods, incorporating creative forms, board breaking, and self-defense scenarios. This approach makes ATA Taekwondo accessible and engaging for practitioners seeking a versatile and well-rounded martial arts experience.

4. Traditional Style

It is styled such as Tang Soo Do and Soo Bahk Do specific techniques and principles. Training methods differ across these styles but commonly focus on stances, blocks, and traditional forms. During the early phase, Taekwondo was not as famous as Kwans. Kwans were using different names for which Tang Soo Do is famous.

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Rules

1. Every match begins and ends with a bow to the referee and opponent, demonstrating sportsmanship and respect.
2. Competitors face off on an 8-meter square mat, ready to display their power.
3. Three 2-minute rounds with 1-minute breaks in between test the fighters’ endurance and tactical prowess.
4. The head and torso are fair game for both kicks and punches, while below the waist remains off-limits.
5. Points are awarded for clean kicks landed with the permitted foot area (below the ankle) and punches executed with the front knuckles of a clenched fist.
6. A well-placed strike can send your opponent tumbling, earning you an extra point, while the fighter with the most points at the end emerges victorious.
7. Crossing the boundary line, falling needlessly, or resorting to grabbing or pushing earns penalties, deducting points from the offender.
8. If the score remains tied after all rounds, a “golden point” round decides the winner. The first to score in this sudden death round takes the match.
9. Taekwondo emphasizes discipline, self-control, and respect alongside physical, shaping well-rounded individuals both on and off the mat.

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Equipment 

1. Dobok: The iconic white uniform or dobok which is a symbol of purity and respect. It’s made of lightweight cotton or polyester, allowing for freedom of movement during kicks and punches. 
2. Hogu: This padded chest guard protects the torso from powerful strikes. They are made up of high-density foam covered in synthetic leather, which absorbs impact while remaining lightweight and flexible. 
3. Kyorugi: These forearm and shin guards offer crucial protection for the limbs, vulnerable during blocks and kicks. They are typically constructed of lightweight foam encased in synthetic leather which provides both comfort and absorption. 
4. Nokyut: To protect the feet is essential, and for this reason, nokyut has been introduced. These padded footguards feature a reinforced instep area to cushion kicks and prevent injury. Their lightweight design ensures agility.
5. Headgear: Taekwondo headgear shields the face and head from accidental strikes. It is made up of durable plastic with shock-absorbing padding, it provides peace of mind while allowing for clear vision. 
6. Mouthpiece and Gloves: Protecting the teeth and knuckles is paramount. Mouthpieces are made of soft, moldable material to fit snugly and absorb impact, while gloves offer padding for punches and prevent accidental scratches. 
7. Groin Guard: For male practitioners, a groin guard provides essential protection during sparring. Made of a combination of hard plastic and soft padding, it’s lightweight and unobtrusive while offering crucial safety.